Clay as a Sustainable Binder for Concrete—A Review

The negative environmental impacts of Portland cement as a binder in the construction industry have created growing impetus to develop sustainable alternative binders. Various types clay been considered potential replacements. impact clays replacement depends on dosage and treatment methods. This paper presents comprehensive review determine effects different fresh hardened properties concrete mixtures by analyzing experimental database reported literature, including raw, calcined, modified, nano, organo. study intends show process optimizing use concrete, reason behind converting raw modified types, research gaps through comparison between clays. present shows that clay-based higher thixotropy yield stress values, improving shape stability. results lower early-age shrinkage concrete. However, high floc strength causes reduction flowability. Treatment methods clay, such calcination nano-sized particles, improve compressive strength. General previous studies highlight all investigated positively affect resistance attack.